Summary

There is no man in the world who does not use thinking to solve problems and make decisions, does not confront with any problems, have no imagery. There is no child in the world who would have learned to speak his language without bubbling at first. There is no language in the world, which would not have its own grammar. All these things are interlaced and are parts of each other.

Thinking and reasoning

There are many species in the world: amphibian, brutes, birds, but people are the only one, which contemplates, analyzes, recollects and plans. Thinking is the manipulation of mental representation of information. It transforms a particular representation of information into new forms in order to answer questions, reach goals and solve problems. The field of psychology that considers processes of thinking is cognitive psychology. When we solve problems, we often use syllogistic reasoning, which means that we derive implications from a set of assumptions that we know to be true. What is more, our decisions sometimes may be improved through the use of algorithms and heuristics. Both of them lead to solution.

Problem solving

It is necessary for people to know how to solve real-life problems. Problem solving involves three steps: preparing to create solutions, producing solutions, and evaluating the solutions that have been generated. Problems which people confronts, vary from well defined, which means that information is available, to ill defined, when nature of the problem is not clear. There are three kinds of problems: arrangement, inducing structure and transformation. Of course, we can come closer to the goal, while using the heuristic of a means-ends analysis - repeated testing for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists. In our world exist some obstacles to problem solving, for example, functional fixedness, which is the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use, or mental set - the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist. We could solve problems easier by using our creativity or become better thinkers by redefining problems, using fractionation, considering the opposite, thinking divergently and using other creative methods.

Language

Language is the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules. To understand how language develops we first need to know that the basic structure of language rests on the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed - it is grammar, that deals with three major components of language: phonology, syntax and semantics. It takes five years when acquisition of language rules is relatively complete. The child goes through stages of bubbling, two-word combinations and then reaches the final stage when he understands the way how to talk. Theorists suggest that language is acquired through reinforcement and conditioning. Although language does not determine thought, it does affect the way people store information in memory. Nowadays almost all of us know more than two languages. If you know two - you are a bilingual speaker. With a bilingual approach, students learn some subjects in their native language while learning English. Sometimes these people are biculturists - they belong to two cultures. People who speak more than one language may have more advantages than those who speak only one. For instance, they can get a job easier, work as guides, translators, they are interested in two cultures and not in one only.

In my opinion, people, that means Us, should enjoy themselves that we are such clever creatures, that we use articulate language to communicate, solve problems not rudely but by using more difficult techniques. Communication between people developed through ages while it has reached the perfection as we can see nowadays.

Psychology is my future profession

To translate literally, psychology means science about the soul. It required not one century while psychology became a single branch of the science and separated from philosophy that is called the mother of psychology. The developing of psychology is so interesting as studying it itself. Of course, it is not so easy as we can think at first.

The first thing why I chose this mystery profession was that I really wanted to know myself as best as I can. Only when a person knows himself he can be useful to others, help them to solve their problems and reach goals. What is more, psychology like little other studies give students a tumble about practical but not theoretical things. For example, we can use our knowledge in communication. Moreover, the idea of psychologists - to help people - is incredible. The members of that domain are not egoists, they live not only to satisfy their wishes but also to satisfy other people’s wishes. It is really altruistic profession.

On the other hand, this profession is very demanding, it requires many attempts, self-devotion and strength. There is an opinion that psychologist can never touch the bottom. However, no one can be always glad and it is especially difficult to try to show to the patients that your mood is excellent, when it is only a trick. Moreover, nowadays the profession of psychologist is not popular in Lithuania, and they does not earn as much as layers or even builders. The work does not suit the award. Hopefully, it seems to me that the situation becomes better later.

Even studying psychology has its own disadvantages, I prefer learning this profession. Furthermore, I believe that my choice is excellent. I have a wish, and if I have it, it seems that the way of learning will be interesting.

‘Emotional Intelligence' is a metaphor that borrows from the notion of IQ. It implies that some people are better at handling emotions than others. It also hints that you might be able to increase your EQ. Practically, it offers a useful set of guidelines for doing just this. Emotional intelligence plays an integral role in defining character and determining both our individual and group destinies. It involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one's thinking and actions. In short, to embrace the power of emotions intelligently. It involves abilities that may be categorized into five domains:

Self-awareness

Being emotionally self-aware means knowing how you feel in “real time.” Self-knowledge is the first step in being able to handle emotions. If you can see them and name them, then you at least then have a chance to do something about them.

Emotional literacy

Emotional literacy means being able to label emotions precisely. This includes the emotions of others and especially yourself. It also means being able to talk about emotions without getting overly emotional or (as happens with many people) denying them. Emotional literacy is not using ‘I feel...’ statements to offer opinions, ideas, etc. Thus 'I feel that is a good idea' is not emotional literacy, whist 'I feel angry' is.

Empathy & compassion

Empathy is the ability to feel and understand the emotions of others. If you can empathies, you can engender trust, as people desperately want to be understood at the emotional level. All great carers and nurturers major in empathy and compassion.
It also means appreciating and accepting differences between people, accepting that we have different priorities and capabilities around emotion.

Balance

The ability to balance emotion and reason in making decisions leads to good decisions. Emotion should not be abandoned, lest cold and callous decisions are made. Nor should logic be abandoned unless you want a wishy-washy outcome.

Responsibility

Emotional Intelligence means taking primary responsibility for your own emotions and happiness. You cannot say that others “made” you feel the way you feel. Although they may be instrumental, the responsibility is yours, just as if you kill someone, there is no argument that says that someone else made you do it.

So, emotions are one of the main things that derails communications and persuasions. Once people start getting upset at one another, rationalism goes out of the window. If you can identify and control your own emotions you have good chance of winning any argument. If you can sense the emotions of others, you have a chance to change them. And of course it all starts with yourself and your own emotions...

Dealing with the effect of fear, anxieties

As Halloween rolls around, Americans prepare to dress in their scariest clothes to wander the streets in search of candy and, more importantly, a scare. For some wild reason people like being scared. Many people really enjoy being scared while others simply scream in terror. “They just want to get away from it as fast as they can.“
The way people experience fear changes depending on the person.
Despite the extreme amount of fear many people experience in these situations, i could continue to draw large crowds.The most effective way of dealing with your fears is to confront them.Individuals that do not confront their fears often find themselves increasingly terrified by particular situations.one climber says that The first time he climbed on real rock it scared the hell out of him. Since then, he has confronted those fears and has made climbing an essential part of his life.A healthy amount of fear can keep a climber on their toes and keep them aware of their safety, whereas too much fear can make a situation dangerous.“There is the perception of risk, and there is actual risk,” climber says.
Fear is a big part of what we do.When someone avoids a situation they are afraid of, it provides negative reinforcement. This means a positive feeling is associated with avoiding that particular activity.Positive reinforcement is just the opposite. When someone does an activity and enjoys it, they associate good feelings with that activity.When treating fear, psychologists often use graduated exposure therapy.This consists of slowly exposing a patient to their fears in larger and larger doses. If the therapy is successful, the person will eventually be able to confront their fear.Some people choose to deal with fear through humor.People often have a story about something terrifying that happened to them and by sharing that story with someone else it helps alleviate their fears.By associating a scary experience with humor, it positively reinforces that experience.

QUEUE PSYCHOLOGY

The practice of queuing began in Britain during the two World WarsNow queuing has become an everyday feature of modern living. Man is born free, but everywhere he is in queues. Queuing is an acquired social trait. Can anything be done to moderate the frustrations of standing in a line?
The process of queueing in every culture is different. For example, the English queue resentfully but politely, the French – arrogantly, the Americans talk to friends in the queues, the Japanese talk on telephones. But all of them have something general - two psychological things that upset people most when waiting in queues. One is any impression of unfairness in the arrangements. The other is the feeling of wasting time. In multiple queues people often stay restive; they perceive other queues as moving faster. This may sound like paranoia but there’s some truth in it. Some people are seen employing the strategy of standing in two different queues. The one who reaches the desk first can check in for both. It is a good way to avoid standing in the queue for too long. Another way to moderate frustration becomes automatically when servers feel guilty if their queue grows in length, and so tend to speed up disposal. Regular customers, such as in banks, have again the option to choose a server with greater expertise, rather than just the first server who becomes available.
The second problem of queuing: the empty time effect is also sharp. Time is actually a man made thing, and when the man is in a line, the times generally stops. What is interesting, that people always think that their waiting period in the store lines where much longer than it really was. The first thing which helps to fly waiting the time could be organisations, especially those running fun-fairs, circuses, or other entertainment. Queues are twisted in a way that their true length is impossible to judge. And things like music or some other visual entertainment for people stuck in queues. The aim is not to cut waiting time but to make waiting less boring. Another way to moderate the queues depends on customers. For instance, they could go shopping late at the evening, or at weekends and even in the shops which are not so popular.
In my opinion, queuing never comes easy, but we can make it easier. About for years we wait doing homework, six years eating, and five years waiting in a line. We should not we think about these huge numbers and do some measures to help spend time more intellectual.